Unit -1 History: Indian and The Contemporary World -ll
IMPORTANT TERMS
1. Republic: It's a state where the supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives. The president is either appointed through elections or nomination.
2. Democratic republic: It is a country that is both public and a democratic. It is the one where ultimate authority and power is derived from the citizens.
3. Socialism: It is an economic theory, system or movement, where the production and distribution of goods is done, owned and shared by the citizens of a society.
4. Socialist Republic: This refers to any state that is constitutionally dedicated to the establishment of socialism.
5. Absolute monarchy: It is a type of a governmental form of monarchy in which all governmental power and responsibilities arise from a monarch. Louis XIV of France is the most famous example of absolute monarchy.
6. Utopia: An imagined place or state of things in which everything is perfect.
7. Nation-state: A sovereign state, resided by comparatively homogeneous group of people who share a feeling of common nationality.
8. Nationalism: Loyalty and devotion towards a nation.
10. Serf: a person in the past who belonged to a low social class and who lived and worked on a land owned by another person.
11. Universal Suffrage: The right of all adult citizens to vote in an election.
12. Conservatism: Commitment to traditional values and ideas with opposition to change or inovation.
13. Habsburg Empire: The Empire that ruled Austria, Hungary, including the Alpine region of Tyrol, Sudetenland, and Bohemia.
14. Ottoman Empire: Turkish empire ruled by the Caliph - the spiritual and temporal head of the Muslims.
15. Ideology: System of ideas reflecting a particular social and political vision.
16. Plebiscite: A direct vote by which all the people of a region are asked to accept or reject a proposal.
17. Ethnic: It relates to a common racial, tribal or cultural origin or background that a community identifies with or claims.
18. Allegory: when an abstract idea is expressed through a person or a thing. An allegorical story has two meanings, one literal and one symbolic.
19. Romanticism: A cultural movement, which aimed at developing a particular form of national sentiment and promote a feeling of collective heritage as the basis of a nation.
IMPORTANT EVENTS -
1688 --- The English Parliament had seized power from monarchy. Act of Union - Between England and Scotland- resulted in the formation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain.
1789 ---The French Revolution occurred.
1797 - Napoleon invades Italy,
1801- Napoleonic wars begin. Ireland was forcibly incorporated into the United Kingdom.
1804 - Napoleonic Code or the Civil Code was introduced, abolishing privileges based on birth. Upheld equality before law and secured right to property.
1814-1815 -Defeat of Napoleon by European powers-Britain, Prussia, Russia and Austria. The European powers met at Vienna to draw up a settlement for Europe. The treaty of Vienna was signed.
1815-Conservative regimes were set up.
1821-Greek struggle for independence begins. The July Revolution sparked an uprising in Brussels, which led to Belgium breaking away from the United Kingdom of Netherland.
1830- Giuseppe Mazzini had sought to put together a coherent programme for a Unitary Italian Republic. Economic hardship in Europe.
1832. - Treaty of Constantinople was signed and Greece was recognised as an independent nation.
1848. -- Revolutions in Europe
1848. -Renunciation of the French Monarch.
1848 - 831 elected representatives marched towards the Frankfurt parliament and drafted the constitution for a German nation.
1852-1860 -Chief Minister Cavour, became the Prime Minister of Piedmont of Italy.
1859-1860 -Unification of Italy.
1861- Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed King of United Italy.
1864 - Bismarck fought a war against Denmark and took control of Schleswig.
1866-1871 - Unification of Germany. (An assembly comprising the princes of the German states, representatives of the army, important Prussian ministers (including the Chief Minister Bismarck) gathered in the Hall of mirrors at Versailles to proclaim the new German Empire headed by Kaiser William I of Prussia.)
1867 - Habsburg rulers granted more autonomy to the Hungarians.
1905 - Slav nationalism gathers force in the Habsburg and Ottoman Empires.
1914 - Beginning of World War I.
Multiple Choice Questions
Choose and write the correct option.
1. What major issue was criticised against by the liberal nationalists?
(a) Censorship laws to control the press
(b) Preservation of the Church
(c) A modern army
(d) Efficient bureaucracy
2. Name the Italian revolutionary from Genoa.
(a) Metternich
(b) Johann Gottfried
(c) Giuseppe Mazzini
(d) None of these
3. What was 'Young Italy'?
(a) Vision of Italy
(b) Secret society
(c) National anthem of Italy
(d) None of these
4. Who was proclaimed the King of United Italy, in 1861?
(a) Giuseppe Garibaldi
(b) Victor Emmanuel II
(c) Giuseppe Mazzini
(d) Cavour
5. The most serious source of nationalist tension in Europe, after 1871, was an area called
(a) Ottoman
(b) Prussia
(c) Balkans
(d) Macedonia
6. Which of the following did the European conservatives not believe in?
(a) Traditional institution of state policy
(b) Strengthened monarchy
(c) A return to a society of pre-revolutionary days
7. Which of the following was not a part of Napoleon's defeat?
(a) Britain
(b) Austria
(c) Italy
8. Treaty of Constantinople recognised ___________as an independent nation.
(a) Greece
(b) Austria
(c) Italy
9. Which of the following did not play a role to develop nationalist sentiments?
(a) Art
(b) Music
(c) Climate
10. German philosopher, Johann Gottfried claimed that true German culture was to be discovered among the:
(a) Common people
(b) Aristocratic
(c) Middle class elite
11. The meaning of 'Volksgeist:
(b) Spirit of the nation
12. The place where the priests and bishops were punished.
(a) Siberia
(b) Tundra
(c) Mongolia
(a) Common people
Answers
1. (a) 2. (c) 3.(b) 4. (b) 5. (c) 6. (c) 7. (c )
8. (a) 9.(c) 10. (a) 11.(b ) 12. ( a)
Fill in the Blanks
Complete the following statements with appropriate word(s).
1. The Act of Union of 1707 was between __________ and____________ .
2. Jacobin club was a ____________________.
3. When conservative regimes were restored to power, many liberal minded pec underground because of the fear of ____________________
4. 5. were the most serious nationalist tension in Europe after 1871. Answers 1. England and Scotland True/False
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